❶ 浠欎汉鎺屽备綍鍒嗙被
鎴戜滑瑕佽よ瘑浠欎汉鎺岀殑鍒嗙被涔嫔墠锛岄栧厛瑕佸广屾岖墿鍒嗙被瀛︺嶏纸plant taxonomy锛夋湁涓浜涙傚康銆傛岖墿鍒嗙被瀛︽槸鐬瑙f垨镰旂┒妞岖墿镄勫熀纭锷熷か锛屽洜涓哄畠鍙璁╂垜浠瀵规柤鐗╃崭箣闂寸殑琛婧愬叧绯绘湁绯荤粺镐х殑璁ょ煡锛岃繘钥屽规暣涓涓澶х兢镄勬岖墿锛堜緥濡傛垜浠瑕佺灜瑙g殑鏁翠釜浠欎汉鎺岀戞岖墿锛夋湁鏁翠綋镐х殑璁よ瘑銆
鍒嗙被瀛︾殑棰嗗烟鍙鍒嗘垚涓夊ぇ閮ㄤ唤锛屽嵆鍒嗙被锛坈lassification锛夈佸懡钖嶏纸nomenclature锛変互鍙婇壌鍒锛坕dentification锛夛纴瀹冧滑鏄銆屼竴浣扑笁闱銆嶅郊姝ゆ伅鎭鐩稿叧镄勫叧绯伙纴锲犱负鍙瑕佹槸鎺㈣ㄥ叾涓涔嬩竴閮ㄤ唤锛屽繀铹朵细涓庡叾浠栦袱钥呮湁镓鐗佃繛銆备互涓嫔氨妞岖墿鍒嗙被瀛︾殑涓夊ぇ棰嗗烟锅氢竴绠鍗旷殑浠嬬粛锛
1. 鍒嗙被锛坈lassification锛
鍦扮悆涓婄幇鐢熺殑鐗╃崭互锏句竾璁★纴鍗冨彉涓囧寲涓斿悇涓岖浉钖屻傚傛灉涓崭篑鍒嗙被锛屼笉绔嬬郴缁燂纴渚挎棤浠庤よ瘑闅句互镰旂┒銆傚垎绫荤郴缁熸槸鐢熺墿绉岖被镄勭储寮旷郴缁燂纴鍙钘変互璁よ瘑鍜屾煡璇㈢浉鍏宠祫鏂欍
鍒嗙被灏辨槸阆靛惊鍒嗙被瀛︾殑铡熺悊鍜屾柟娉曪纴瀵圭敓鐗╃殑钖勭岖被缇よ繘琛屽懡钖嶅拰绛夌骇鍒掑垎銆傚垎绫诲︼纸taxonomy锛夋浘琚绉颁负绯荤粺鍒嗙被瀛︼纴瀹冧笌绯荤粺瀛︼纸systematics锛夊緢鏄撴贩娣嗭纴绯荤粺瀛︽槸镰旂┒鐢熺墿镄勬у纾搴︼纸澶氭牱镐э级浠ュ强瀹冧滑涓闂寸殑浠讳綍涓涓绫荤兢鍜屽叾浠栨墍链夌被缇ょ殑钖勭嶅叧绯荤殑绉戝︼纴镟剧О涓哄垎绫荤郴缁熷︺傚叾鍏卞悓鐩镄勬槸浠庣悊璁轰笂鍜屽疄璺典笂锛岄槓鏄庣墿绉崭箣闂寸殑铡嗗彶鍏崇郴锛堜翰缂樻垨婕斿寲锛夛纴寤虹珛镊铹剁郴缁燂纴纭瀹氩悇绫荤兢镄勫懡钖嶅拰鎺掑簭锛屾荤粨鍏惰繘鍖栧巻鍙层备粠鐞呜烘剰涔変笂𨱒ヨ达纴鍒嗙被瀛︽槸鐢熺墿杩涘寲镄勬紨杩涘巻鍙叉荤粨銆
鍒嗙被瀛︽槸涓闂ㄧ患钖堟х殑瀛︾戯纴浠庡彜钥佺殑褰㈡佸﹀埌鐜颁唬鍒嗗瓙鐢熺墿瀛︾殑鏂版妧链锛岄兘鍙钖稿彇浣滀负鍒嗙被渚濇嵁銆傚垎绫荤殑鏂规硶浠庡彜镊充粖涔熷湪涓嶆柇镄勫湪鍙桦寲锛屽巻鍙茶拌浇链镞╂槸鐢卞笇鑵婄殑Teophrastus 锛372 ~ 287 BC锛夋墍鎻忚堪镄500绉嶆岖墿锛屼粬灏呜繖浜涙岖墿鍒嗕负镙戞湪銆佺亴链ㄤ笌钻夋湰涓夌被锛屼互鍙娄竴骞寸敓銆佷簩骞寸敓銆佸氩勾鐢熶笁绫荤瓑銆傚啀𨱒ュ垯鏄缃楅┈浜箧ioscorides锛64 AD锛夛纴浠栨弿鍐欎简650绉嶆岖墿锛屼粬浠ヨ姵棣欐岖墿銆佽嵂鐢ㄦ岖墿鍜岄熺敤妞岖墿𨱒ュ尯鍒嗘岖墿銆傚綋铹跺缌𨱒ラ檰缁链夊﹁呮潵灏嗘岖墿鍒嗙被锛屽彧鏄鍦ㄦゅ氨涓嶅姞璇﹁堪锛屾湁鍏磋叮钥呰疯嚜琛屽弬钥冨叾浠栬祫鏂欍傝屾垜锲芥枃瀛楄拌浇链镞╃殑鍒嗙被鍒欐槸瀹嬩粊瀹楋纸1,057 AD锛変笅浠ゆ墍缂栧啓镄勮嵂涔︼纴鍏辩紪鍏ュ垎绫绘岖墿绾︿竴鍗幂嶅乏鍙炽傛渶链夌郴缁熺殑鍒嗙被鍒欐槸鏄庝唬𨱒庢椂鐝嶆墍缂栬宪镄勬湰钻夌翰鐩锛屼粬灏嗘岖墿鍒嗕负銆岃崏銆佽胺銆佽彍銆佹灉銆佹湪銆岖瓑浜斿ぇ绫伙纴绠楁槸鎴戝浗鍦ㄦ岖墿鍒嗙被瀛︿笂镄勫畻甯堛
鏋楀埚垯涓昏佹槸鍒╃敤涓浜涙柟娉曟潵镟块珮绛夋岖墿鍒嗙被锛岃槠链変笉灏戜汉瀵规滠濂堢殑鍒嗙被鏂规硶鎶辨寔涓嶅悓瑙傜偣钥屾彁鍑轰笉钖岀殑镒忚侊纴浣嗗洜涓洪潪甯告柟渚夸娇鐢锛屾墍浠ュ湪镆愪簺鍦板尯鎴栨岖墿瀛︿细娴佽屼娇鐢ㄤ简链夌栌棣骞磋呖浠娿傛滠濂堢浉淇$墿绉崭笉鍙桡纴镓浠ヤ粬镄勫垎绫荤郴缁熸病链変翰缂樻傚康銆傝繖浜涙棭链熺殑鍒嗘硶澶ц嚧鍙鏄渚濇岖墿镄勫栧瀷鎴栫敤阃旀潵鍒嗙被锛屾棤娉曟彁渚涚墿绉崭笌鐗╃崭箣闂寸殑鍏崇郴锛屾墍浠ヨ繎浠g殑妞岖墿瀛﹀朵究浠ユ紨鍖栫殑瑙傜偣𨱒ュ仛鍒嗙被锛屽笇链涘垎绫昏兘鍙嶆椠鍑虹墿绉崭翰缂树笌婕斿寲镄勮繃绋嬨
1.1 鍒嗙被阒跺眰锛坱axonomic taxa锛
鐗╃嶏纸species锛夋槸鐢熺墿鍒嗙被镄勫熀链鍗曚綅銆傚嵆鐗╃嶆槸鍏锋湁涓瀹氱殑褰㈡佸拰鐢熺悊鐗瑰镜浠ュ强涓瀹氱殑镊铹跺垎甯幂殑鐢熺墿绫荤兢锛涘悓绉岖殑涓浣掳纴璧锋簮鏂煎叡钖岀殑绁栧厛锛屾湁鏋佽繎浼肩殑褰㈡佺壒寰碉纴涓浣挞棿鑳借繘琛岃嚜铹朵氦閰嶅苟浜х敓姝e父鍙戣偛镄勫缌浠o绂涓嶅悓绉岖殑涓浣撴潅浜わ纴涓鑸涓嶈兘浜х敓姝e父鑳界敓镶茬殑寰屼唬锛屽瓨鍦ㄧ敓娈栭殧绂汇傜劧钥屽湪妞岖墿鐣岋纴杩欑岖敓娈栭殧绂荤殑闄愬埗姣旇缉灏忥纴钖屼竴灞炰箣闂寸殑钖勫搧绉嶉氩父鍙浠ヨ嚜铹朵氦閰嶅苟浜х敓姝e父鍙戣偛镄勫缌浠o纴鐢氲呖寰堢綍瑙佺殑寮傜戞潅浜よ岃兘浜х敓姝e父鑳界敓镶茬殑寰屼唬涔熸槸瀛桦湪镄勚
銆岀嶃嶆槸鐢熺墿鍒嗙被镄勫熀链鍗曞厓锛屼篃鏄鐢熺墿绻佹畺镄勫熀链鍗曞厓锛屼竴浜涗翰缂樼浉杩戠殑绉嶅悎鎴愪负涓涓銆屽睘銆嶏纴涓浜涗翰缂樼浉杩戠殑灞炲张褰掔撼鎴愪竴涓銆岀戙嶏纴浠ユょ被鎺ㄨ繖镙蜂竴灞傚张涓灞傜殑鍒嗙被灞傜骇绉颁箣涓恒屽垎绫荤兢锛坱axon锛宼axa涓哄叾澶嶆暟锛夈嶃傚垎绫荤兢鐢卞ぇ钥屽皬锛屽彲绮楀垎鎴愬叚涓灞傜骇锛屽垎鍒涓猴细闂锛坉ivision锛夈佺翰锛坈lass锛夈佺洰锛坥rder锛夈佺戯纸family锛夈佸睘锛坓enus锛夈佺嶏纸species锛夈
姣旇缉缁呜嚧涓ヨ皑镄勫垎绫绘柟寮忓张鍙鍒嗕负闂锛坉ivision锛夈佷筜闂锛坰ubdivision锛夈佺翰锛坈lass锛夈佷筜绾诧纸subclass锛夈佺洰锛坥rder锛夈佷筜鐩锛坰uborder锛夈佺戯纸family锛夈佷筜绉戯纸subfamily锛夈佹棌锛坱ribe锛夈佷筜镞忥纸subtribe锛夈佸睘锛坓enus锛夈佷筜灞烇纸subgenus锛夈佺粍锛坰ection锛夈佺嶏纸species锛夈佷互鍙婄嶅唴鍒嗙被缇わ纸infra-specific taxa锛夌瓑銆傜嶅唴鍒嗙被缇ゅ垯鍖呮嫭浜嗕筜绉嶏纸subspecies锛夈佸彉绉嶏纸variety锛夈佷筜鍙樼嶏纸subvariety锛夈佸彉鍨嬶纸form锛夊拰浜氩彉鍨嬶纸subform锛夌瓑銆傚湪锲镩哄搧绉岖殑鍒嗙被涓婅缮链夈岀兢锛坓rex锛夛纷娉ㄣ嶃佷互鍙娿屽洯镩虹嶏纸cultivar锛夈岖殑娉ㄦ槑銆傚湪涓鑸𨱍呭喌涓嫔苟涓崭细鐢ㄥ埌濡傛ょ粏镊寸殑鍒嗙被锛屽湪浠欎汉鎺屼笌澶氲倝妞岖墿镄勫垎绫讳笂锛岄氩父閮芥槸浠ョ敤銆岀戙嶃併屽睘銆嶃併岀嶃崭互鍙婄嶅唴鍒嗙被缇ょ殑鍒嗙被鍗曚綅𨱒ヨㄨ恒傛湁浜涗功鎴栨枃鐚鐗瑰埆鍦ㄨㄨ轰粰浜烘帉绉戞岖墿镞讹纴浼氩簲闇瑕佽屽啀鎶娿屾棌銆崭篃锷犲叆浣跨敤𨱒ヨㄨ恒傚湪涓嶅悓镄勫垎绫诲眰绾ч氩父链夎宪涓嶅悓镄勫瓧灏句互渚涜鲸璇嗭纴渚嫔傦细
銆岄棬銆嶉氩父浠 phyta 涓哄瓧灏撅纴濡傦细绉嶅瓙妞岖墿闂锛圫permatophyta锛
銆岀翰銆嶉氩父浠 ae 涓哄瓧灏撅纴濡傦细琚瀛愭岖墿绾诧纸Angiospermae锛
銆岀洰銆嶉氩父浠 ales 涓哄瓧灏撅纴濡傦细鐭崇圭洰锛圕aryophyllales锛
銆岀戙嶉氩父浠 aceae 涓哄瓧灏撅纴濡傦细浠欎汉鎺岀戯纸Cactaceae锛
銆屼筜绉戙嶉氩父浠 oideae 涓哄瓧灏撅纴濡傦细Cactoideae浜氱
銆屽睘銆嶉氩父浠 us, a ,um 绛変负瀛楀熬锛屽傦细Turbinicarpus灞
❷ 灏忕彮妞岖墿瑙掍粙缁嶈В璇磋瘝
澶у跺ソ锛屼粖澶╂垜缁椤ぇ瀹朵粙缁崭竴涓嬫垜浠灏忕彮镄勬岖墿瑙掋
棣栧厛锛屾垜浠𨱒ョ湅鐪嬭繖浜涘彲鐖辩殑灏忔岖墿锛屽畠浠鏄鎴戜滑浠庡栭溃镄勮姳锲閲岄噰鎽桦洖𨱒ョ殑銆傚畠浠鏄浠涔堟岖墿锻锛熻繖鏄涓绉嶅皬鍨嬬殑澶氲倝妞岖墿锛屽彨锅氢粰浜烘帉銆傚畠浠锽沧㈡俯𨱌栧共鐕ョ殑鐜澧冿纴骞朵笖鑳藉熷緢濂藉湴鍌ㄥ瓨姘村垎锛屾墍浠ラ潪甯搁傚悎鍦ㄥ朵腑鍏绘畺銆
阃氲繃杩欎簺灏忔岖墿镄勪粙缁嶏纴瀛╁瓙浠涓崭粎鍙浠ヤ简瑙f岖墿镄勭敓闀跨壒镣瑰拰鍏绘姢鏂规硶锛岃缮鍙浠ュ煿鍏讳粬浠瀵硅嚜铹跺拰鐢熷懡镄勫皧閲嶅拰鍏崇埍涔嫔绩銆傚悓镞讹纴涔熻╁╁瓙浠鍦ㄨ傚疗銆佹帰绌跺拰瀹炶返涓锛屼綋楠屽埌绉戝︽帰绌剁殑涔愯叮銆